Analog circuits process continuous signals that can have any value within a range. Unlike digital circuits that work with discrete 0s and 1s, analog circuits handle real-world signals like sound, temperature, and light intensity.
These circuits are fundamental to audio equipment, radio communication, sensors, and power management systems.
The operational amplifier is the building block of analog electronics. It's a high-gain differential amplifier with two inputs and one output.
Where Rf is the feedback resistor and Rin is the input resistor.
Example: If Rf = 100kΩ and Rin = 10kΩ, then Av = -10
The non-inverting amplifier maintains signal polarity and has very high input impedance.
Filters are circuits that allow certain frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Allows frequencies below the cutoff frequency fc to pass.
Allows frequencies above the cutoff frequency to pass.
Allows a specific range of frequencies to pass through.